What is a yeast infection? And how to get rid of one.

Yeast infections often begin with a subtle itch that's easy to ignore at first. But that mild irritation can escalate into persistent discomfort, burning and other symptoms that interfere with everyday life.

The infections are also surprisingly common. "Approximately 75% of women will experience at least one yeast infection in their lifetime," says Annie Lawson, a certified nurse midwife at Atlantic Health in New Jersey.

Despite how prevalent and uncomfortable they can be, yeast infections are usually manageable with the right care. Here’s what to know about what causes them, how to recognize them and how to find relief.

What is a yeast infection?

A yeast infection is a usually non-contagious fungal infection most commonly caused by Candida albicans, a type of yeast that naturally lives in and on the body. Under normal conditions, this yeast coexists with beneficial bacteria that help keep it in balance. But "when this normal flora of the vagina is off-balance," explains Lawson, yeast can overgrow and lead to infection.

Common symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include irritation, swelling and a thick white discharge, along with a burning sensation – especially during urination or intercourse. "Itching, redness and general discomfort are also common," says Dr. Caroline Mitchell, director of the vulvovaginal disorders program at Mass General Brigham in Boston. "Occasionally, people also describe feeling like they have small paper cuts on the vulvar skin," she adds.

While vaginal yeast infections are the most prevalent, other types of yeast infections can develop in other warm, moist areas of the body, including in the mouth or under skin folds. Though much less common, men can develop yeast infections as well, typically presenting with redness, itching or irritation on the genitals or skin.

What causes a yeast infection? 

One of the most common ways the body’s natural balance gets disrupted is through antibiotic use. While these medications are essential for treating bacterial infections, Mitchell explains that they can eliminate beneficial bacteria that normally keep yeast in check, which allows yeast to multiply.

Hormonal changes are another key factor. Fluctuations in estrogen levels – such as those that occur with hormonal birth control or around menstruation – can also create an environment where yeast thrives more easily. Similarly, uncontrolled blood sugar levels, "particularly in people with unmanaged diabetes," says Mitchell, can promote yeast growth since yeast feeds on sugar.

Moisture and warmth also play a role as wearing tight or non-breathable clothing, staying in wet swimsuits or not allowing the skin to fully dry can create ideal conditions for yeast overgrowth. Certain personal care products, such as scented soaps or douches, may further disrupt the body’s natural balance in some people.

"And pregnancy can also increase one’s risk of developing a yeast infection," Lawson adds, primarily because elevated estrogen levels during pregnancy increase glycogen in vaginal tissues, which creates a more favorable environment for yeast to grow.

It’s also important to understand what doesn’t cause yeast infections. Despite common myths to the contrary circulating on social media, "what you eat or how clean you are down there are not related," says Mitchell.

How to get rid of a yeast infection

Most yeast infections are straightforward to treat. Mild-to-moderate cases can often be managed with over-the-counter antifungal suppositories, ointments or creams, "such as miconazole and terconazole," says Lawson. These medications work by stopping yeast growth and restoring balance, "typically over a one-to-seven-day course," she explains.

For more persistent or severe infections, a stronger antifungal medication such as a single-dose oral tablet or a longer treatment regimen may be prescribed, says Mitchell.

In addition to medication, simple at-home steps can ease discomfort and support recovery. Wearing loose, breathable clothing, keeping the affected area dry and avoiding irritating products like scented soaps can all be helpful. Some people also find relief with cool compresses or warm baths.

But "if symptoms continue to recur or persist," says Lawson, "it’s important to see a medical provider for proper evaluation, to confirm the diagnosis, and to rule out other conditions that can mimic a yeast infection – so you can get the right treatment and lasting relief."